1: 
    2:    NOTE! This copyright does *not* cover user programs that use kernel
    3:  services by normal system calls - this is merely considered normal use
    4:  of the kernel, and does *not* fall under the heading of "derived work".
    5:  Also note that the GPL below is copyrighted by the Free Software
    6:  Foundation, but the instance of code that it refers to (the Linux
    7:  kernel) is copyrighted by me and others who actually wrote it.
    8: 
    9:  Also note that the only valid version of the GPL as far as the kernel
   10:  is concerned is _this_ particular version of the license (ie v2, not
   11:  v2.2 or v3.x or whatever), unless explicitly otherwise stated.
   12: 
   13:                         Linus Torvalds
   14: 
   15: ----------------------------------------
   16: 
   17:                     GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
   18:                        Version 2, June 1991
   19: 
   20:  Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
   21:                        51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
   22:  Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
   23:  of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
   24: 
   25:                             Preamble
   26: 
   27:   The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
   28: freedom to share and change it.  By contrast, the GNU General Public
   29: License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
   30: software--to make sure the software is free for all its users.  This
   31: General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
   32: Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
   33: using it.  (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
   34: the GNU Library General Public License instead.)  You can apply it to
   35: your programs, too.
   36: 
   37:   When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
   38: price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
   39: have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
   40: this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
   41: if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
   42: in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
   43: 
   44:   To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
   45: anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
   46: These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
   47: distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
   48: 
   49:   For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
   50: gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
   51: you have.  You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
   52: source code.  And you must show them these terms so they know their
   53: rights.
   54: 
   55:   We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
   56: (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
   57: distribute and/or modify the software.
   58: 
   59:   Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
   60: that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
   61: software.  If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
   62: want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
   63: that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
   64: authors' reputations.
   65: 
   66:   Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
   67: patents.  We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
   68: program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
   69: program proprietary.  To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
   70: patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
   71: 
   72:   The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
   73: modification follow.
   74: ^L
   75:                     GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
   76:    TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
   77: 
   78:   0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains
   79: a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
   80: under the terms of this General Public License.  The "Program", below,
   81: refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"
   82: means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
   83: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
   84: either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
   85: language.  (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
   86: the term "modification".)  Each licensee is addressed as "you".
   87: 
   88: Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
   89: covered by this License; they are outside its scope.  The act of
   90: running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
   91: is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
   92: Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
   93: Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
   94: 
   95:   1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
   96: source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
   97: conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
   98: copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
   99: notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
  100: and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
  101: along with the Program.
  102: 
  103: You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
  104: you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
  105: 
  106:   2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
  107: of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
  108: distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
  109: above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
  110: 
  111:     a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
  112:     stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
  113: 
  114:     b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
  115:     whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
  116:     part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
  117:     parties under the terms of this License.
  118: 
  119:     c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
  120:     when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
  121:     interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
  122:     announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
  123:     notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
  124:     a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
  125:     these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
  126:     License.  (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
  127:     does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
  128:     the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
  129: ^L
  130: These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole.  If
  131: identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
  132: and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
  133: themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
  134: sections when you distribute them as separate works.  But when you
  135: distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
  136: on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
  137: this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
  138: entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
  139: 
  140: Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
  141: your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
  142: exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
  143: collective works based on the Program.
  144: 
  145: In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
  146: with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
  147: a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
  148: the scope of this License.
  149: 
  150:   3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
  151: under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
  152: Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
  153: 
  154:     a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
  155:     source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
  156:     1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
  157: 
  158:     b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
  159:     years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
  160:     cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
  161:     machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
  162:     distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
  163:     customarily used for software interchange; or,
  164: 
  165:     c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
  166:     to distribute corresponding source code.  (This alternative is
  167:     allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
  168:     received the program in object code or executable form with such
  169:     an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
  170: 
  171: The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
  172: making modifications to it.  For an executable work, complete source
  173: code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
  174: associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
  175: control compilation and installation of the executable.  However, as a
  176: special exception, the source code distributed need not include
  177: anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
  178: form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
  179: operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
  180: itself accompanies the executable.
  181: 
  182: If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
  183: access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
  184: access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
  185: distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
  186: compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
  187: ^L
  188:   4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
  189: except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
  190: otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
  191: void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
  192: However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
  193: this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
  194: parties remain in full compliance.
  195: 
  196:   5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
  197: signed it.  However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
  198: distribute the Program or its derivative works.  These actions are
  199: prohibited by law if you do not accept this License.  Therefore, by
  200: modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
  201: Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
  202: all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
  203: the Program or works based on it.
  204: 
  205:   6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
  206: Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
  207: original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
  208: these terms and conditions.  You may not impose any further
  209: restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
  210: You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
  211: this License.
  212: 
  213:   7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
  214: infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
  215: conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
  216: otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
  217: excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you cannot
  218: distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
  219: License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
  220: may not distribute the Program at all.  For example, if a patent
  221: license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
  222: all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
  223: the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
  224: refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
  225: 
  226: If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
  227: any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
  228: apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
  229: circumstances.
  230: 
  231: It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
  232: patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
  233: such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
  234: integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
  235: implemented by public license practices.  Many people have made
  236: generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
  237: through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
  238: system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
  239: to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
  240: impose that choice.
  241: 
  242: This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
  243: be a consequence of the rest of this License.
  244: ^L
  245:   8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
  246: certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
  247: original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
  248: may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
  249: those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
  250: countries not thus excluded.  In such case, this License incorporates
  251: the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
  252: 
  253:   9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
  254: of the General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions will
  255: be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
  256: address new problems or concerns.
  257: 
  258: Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the Program
  259: specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
  260: later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
  261: either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
  262: Software Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of
  263: this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
  264: Foundation.
  265: 
  266:   10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
  267: programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
  268: to ask for permission.  For software which is copyrighted by the Free
  269: Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
  270: make exceptions for this.  Our decision will be guided by the two goals
  271: of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
  272: of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
  273: 
  274:                             NO WARRANTY
  275: 
  276:   11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
  277: FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN
  278: OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
  279: PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
  280: OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
  281: MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS
  282: TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE
  283: PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
  284: REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
  285: 
  286:   12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
  287: WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
  288: REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
  289: INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
  290: OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
  291: TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
  292: YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
  293: PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
  294: POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
  295: 
  296:                      END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
  297: ^L
  298:             How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
  299: 
  300:   If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
  301: possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
  302: free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
  303: 
  304:   To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
  305: to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
  306: convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
  307: the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
  308: 
  309:     <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
  310:     Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
  311: 
  312:     This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
  313:     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
  314:     the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
  315:     (at your option) any later version.
  316: 
  317:     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  318:     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  319:     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  320:     GNU General Public License for more details.
  321: 
  322:     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  323:     along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  324:     Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
  325: 
  326: 
  327: Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
  328: 
  329: If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
  330: when it starts in an interactive mode:
  331: 
  332:     Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author
  333:     Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
  334:     This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
  335:     under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
  336: 
  337: The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
  338: parts of the General Public License.  Of course, the commands you use may
  339: be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
  340: mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
  341: 
  342: You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
  343: school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
  344: necessary.  Here is a sample; alter the names:
  345: 
  346:   Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
  347:   `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
  348: 
  349:   <signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
  350:   Ty Coon, President of Vice
  351: 
  352: This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
  353: proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you may
  354: consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
  355: library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
  356: Public License instead of this License.